Who Enabled It
Institutions
Governments, agencies, companies and organizations documented as having enabled or implemented the policies described in this archive's Files.
Central Intelligence Agency
Intelligence agency · United States
The United States' primary civilian foreign-intelligence service, established in 1947, involved in covert action, human-subject research, and regime-change operations documented across this archive.
Colonial Office (United Kingdom)
Colonial government department · United Kingdom
The UK government department that administered Britain's overseas colonies, including Kenya during the 1952–1960 Mau Mau Emergency, until its functions were absorbed elsewhere in 1966.
Congo Free State Administration
Personal colonial state under sovereign rule · Congo Free State (now Democratic Republic of the Congo)
The personal territorial possession of King Leopold II of Belgium from 1885 to 1908, administered through concession companies whose forced-labor rubber economy was enforced with mutilation and violence.
Government of Canada (Department of Indian Affairs)
National government department · Canada
The federal department that, under the Indian Act, funded and administered Canada's Indian residential school system for over a century in partnership with several churches.
Manhattan Project (Manhattan Engineer District)
Military-scientific program · United States
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers program that developed the atomic bomb during the Second World War, and whose Target Committee selected the Japanese cities struck in August 1945.
Office of Indian Affairs
Federal government agency (later Bureau of Indian Affairs) · United States
The U.S. federal agency responsible for administering government policy toward Native American nations, established in 1824 within the War Department and later reorganized as the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Purdue Pharma L.P.
Pharmaceutical company · United States
The privately held drugmaker, controlled by members of the Sackler family, that developed and aggressively marketed the opioid painkiller OxyContin beginning in 1996.
Tobacco Institute and major U.S. cigarette manufacturers
Industry trade association · United States
The cigarette industry's trade association from 1958 to 1998, whose internal documents, unearthed through litigation, showed decades of manufacturer knowledge of nicotine's addictiveness and health risks.
United Fruit Company
Multinational agribusiness corporation · United States
A U.S. banana corporation and Guatemala's largest landowner, whose lobbying against Guatemalan land reform coincided with the 1954 CIA-backed overthrow of President Jacobo Árbenz.
United States Army Air Forces
Military air service (predecessor to the U.S. Air Force) · United States
The U.S. Army's air arm during World War II, dissolved in 1947 with the creation of an independent U.S. Air Force, which directed the strategic bombing campaigns against Germany and Japan.
United States Atomic Energy Commission
Civilian federal agency (nuclear weapons and energy) · United States
The civilian federal agency that directed U.S. nuclear weapons development and testing from 1946 to 1974, succeeding the wartime Manhattan Engineer District.
United States Department of Defense
Government military department · United States
The U.S. federal department overseeing the armed forces, linked in this archive to the 2004 Abu Ghraib detainee-abuse scandal in Iraq and the military's use of Agent Orange in Vietnam.
United States Public Health Service
Government health agency · United States
The federal health agency that conducted the 1932–1972 Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis, withholding treatment from Black men in Alabama for four decades without their informed consent.
War Relocation Authority
Civilian federal government agency · United States
The U.S. civilian agency created in 1942 that administered the camps where roughly 120,000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated during the Second World War.